Afghan Administration Finance and Teaching Profession

Administration

Educational leadership and control rest with the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education. Each of the 28 provinces and the city of Kabul has an education director who implements official education policies and guidelines. Provincial governors who have overall responsibility for their provinces are concerned with educational developments and quality but have no administrative power in this field.

Secondary and Higher Study in Afghanistan

Secondary Education

The 1975 reforms abolished the middle school and absorbed the first two years into the primary school and the third year into the secondary school, thus extending secondary education to four years. Three types of secondary schools were introduced: the general secondary lycke, vocational schools and the Islamic lycke, a numerous clause operates to limit the enrollment to projected employment needs. In 1979, following the Communist seizure of power, secondary education was divided into two cycles of four and two years, respectively. Separate, vocational 'schools were abolished in favor of a stronger vocational-technical element in the general curriculum, as found in soviet education.

NEPAL Education System

Education is compulsory in Nepal for five years between the ages of six and 11. The entrance age to education preceding the first level is three, Secondary education includes a two-year lower secondary school and a three-year general high school. Enrollment ratios for males and females at the primary level rose sharply in the past decade owing to the introduction of a three-year primary school in 1975. In 1983 the ratio for males and females was 73% (102 for males and 42 for females). At the secondary level, the figure for males and females was 21% (32 for males and 9 for females). Further evidence of enrollment inequities is provided by the fact that only 20% (102,902) of the total pupils enrolled in the secondary grades are female. Most of the females (57%) enrolled in primary school are studying in the first grade and only 6% of females studying in the secondary school are in the tenth grade.

Higher Education in East Germany

Postsecondary education, all forms of which are state-run, consists of two different levels: (1) technical or specialized colleges (Fachschulen) and (2) universities and specialized institutions of higher learning (Hockschulen), such as technical engineering or pedagogical universities, music and art academies, etc.

Secondary Education System in East Germany

Secondary schooling begins after completion of the 10-year general poly-technical high school, when pupils enter differing programs of education and vocational training. A small number go on to the university preparatory Extended High School (EOS); a larger group enrolls in specialized colleges (Fachschulen) for professional training (discussed in the section on higher education); and the majority of young people being apprenticeship training leading to qualification as a skilled worker, some programs of which also grant the Abitur.